Exploring Modes of Surveillance in Films
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2022.444Keywords:
surveillance cinema, gesture, metacinema, biopolitics, auto-mediacy, autoscopia, Grizzly ManAbstract
This article frames a theoretical discussion of cinematic gestures in their opposing forms, illusionism and reflexivity, exploring different modes connecting surveillance and film. One observes cinema as an illusionistic surveilling machine that records reality. In this respect, surveillance can be an “element of movie plots.” Then, given the simultaneously entrapped and swaying nature of cinematic gestures, the investigation of film reflexivity associated with surveillance reveals a dual character. The dominant one (auto-mediacy), although guided by a subversive thrust, ultimately reinforces the dynamics of the internal panopticon, the regulation, and the marketization of the self. Conversely, another form of emancipative self-reflexivity (autoscopia) operates a set of enunciations exalting the filmmaking process’ materiality. The film Grizzly Man is an example of autoscopia generating a form of technology-mediated subversive self examination.
References
Agamben, G. (2000). Means without end: Notes on Politics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Benjamin, W. (2003). Understanding Brecht. London: Verso.
Beresheim, D.F. (2000). “Circulate Yourself: Targeted Individuals, the Yieldable Object & Self-Publication on Digital Platforms.” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 37(5): 395-408.
Bolter, J.D., & Grusin R.A. (2000). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge and London: Mit Press.
Borradaile, G., & Reeves J. (2020). “Sousveillance Capitalism.” Surveillance & Society, 18(2): 272-275.
Browne, S. (2015). Dark matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham: Duke University Press.
Ciccognani, M. (2020). “A Critical Glance into the Metacinematic Gestures of The Act of Killing.” Journal for Cultural Research, https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2020.1836979.
Comolli, J-L. (1980). “Machines of the Visible”. In T. de Lauretis and S. Heath, Eds. The Cinematic Apparatus. London: Palgrave Macmillan, (pp. 121-142).
Conley, D., & Burroughs B. (2020). “Bandersnatched: Infrastructure and Acquiescence in Black Mirror.” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 37(2): 120-132.
Deleuze, G. (1990). “Postscript on Control Societies.” In G. Deleuze, Ed. Negotiations: 1972–1990. New York: Columbia University Press, (pp. 177-182).
Denzin, N.K. (1995). The Cinematic Society: The Voyeur’s Gaze. London: Sage Publication.
Duffy, B.E., & Chan, N.K. (2019). “‘You Never Really Know Who’s Looking’: Imagined Surveillance Across Social Media Platforms.” New Media & Society, 21(1): 119-138.
Dünne, J., & Moser, C. (Eds.). (2008). Automedialität. Subjektkonstitution in Schrift, Bild und neuen Medien. Munich: Wilhelm Fink.
Elsaesser, T. (1989). New German Cinema: a History. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Volume I. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, M. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
French, M., & Monahan T. (2020). “Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19?” Surveillance & Society, 18(1): 1-11.
Ganascia, J-G. (2009). “The Great Catopticon.” In M. Bottis, Ed. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry (CEPE). Athens: Nomiki Bibliothiki Group, (pp. 252-266).
Ganascia, J-G. (2010). “The Generalized Sousveillance Society.” Social Science Information, 49(3): 489-507.
Glare, P.W. (Ed.). (2012). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Social Sciences Research Centre.
Harbord, J. (2016). Ex-Centric Cinema: Giorgio Agamben and Film Archaeology. London: Bloomsbury.
Herzog, W. (2010). “On the Absolute, the Sublime, and Ecstatic Truth.” Arion, 17(3): 1-12.
Jackson, P., Gharavi, H., and Klobas, J. (2006). “Technologies of the Self: Virtual Work and the Inner Panopticon.” Information Technology & People, 19(3): 219-243.
Lazzarato, M. (1996). “Immaterial Labor.” In P. Virno and M. Hardt, Eds. Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, (pp.133-147).
Lefait, S. (2012). Surveillance on Screen: Monitoring Contemporary Films and Television Programs. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
Levin, T.Y. (2002). “Rhetoric of the Temporal Index: Surveillant Narration and the Cinema of ‘Real Time.’” In T.Y. Levin, U. Frohne, and P. Weibel, Eds. CTRL [SPACE]: Rhetorics of Surveillance from Bentham to Big Brother. Cambridge: MIT Press, (pp. 578-593).
Levitt, D. (2008). “Notes on Media and Biopolitics: ‘Notes on Gesture.’” In J. Clemens, N. Heron, and A. Murray, Eds. The Work of Giorgio Agamben: Law, Literature, Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, (pp. 193-211).
Linder, T. (2019). “Surveillance Capitalism and Platform Policing: The Surveillant Assemblage-as-a-Service.” Surveillance & Society, 17(1/2): 76-82.
Mann, S. (1998). “‘Reflectionism’ and ‘Diffusionism’: New Tactics for Deconstructing the Video Surveillance Superhighway.” Leonardo, 31(2): 92-102.
Mann, S., J. Nolan, and B. Wellman. (2003). “Sousveillance: Inventing and Using Wearable Computing Devices for Data Collection in Surveillance Environments.” Surveillance & Society, 1(3): 331-355.
Metz, C. (2016). Impersonal Enunciation, or the Place of Film. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morin, E. (1995). Le Cinéma ou l’Homme Imaginaire: Essai d’Anthropologie. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
Musser, C. (1995). “Film Truth, Documentary, and the Law: Justice at the Margins.” University of San Francisco Law Review, 30(4): 963–984.
Neumeyer, D. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Film Music Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Newell, B. (2020). “Introduction: The State of Sousveillance.” Surveillance & Society, 18(2): 257-261.
Pettman, D. (2008). “Bear life: Autoscopic Recognition in Werner Herzog’s Grizzly Man.” In J. Kooijman, P. Pisters, and W. Strauven, Eds. Mind the Screen: Media Concepts According to Thomas Elsaesser. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, (pp.153-165).
Peucker, B. (2012). “Herzog and Auteurism.” In B. Prager, Ed. A Companion to Werner Herzog. Wiley-Oxford: Blackwell, (pp. 35-57).
Pisters, P. (2012). “The Universe as Metacinema.” In J. Jagodzinski, Ed. Psychoanalyzing Cinema: A Productive Encounter with Lacan, Deleuze, and Zizek. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, (pp.169-204).
Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Takeda, K. (1987). “Le Cinéma Auto-Réflexif: Quelques Problèmes Méthodologiques.” Iconics. The Japan Society of Image Arts and Sciences, 1 (Dec.): 83-97.
Trottier, D. (2015) “Coming to Terms with Social Media Monitoring: Uptake and Early Assessment.” Crime, Media, Culture, 11(3): 317-333.
Yacavone, D. (2014). Film worlds: A Philosophical Aesthetics of Cinema. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zimmer, C.(2011). “Surveillance Cinema: Narrative between Technology and Politics.” Surveillance & Society, 8(4): 427-440.
Zimmer, C. (2015). Surveillance Cinema. New York: New York University Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.