Understanding masculinity in Turkey through the films of male auteur directors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2023.413Keywords:
gender, hegemonic masculinity, auteur cinema, male directors, patriarchyAbstract
This study focuses the representation of male characters in the films of contemporary male auteur directors in Turkey. Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (Zeki Demirkubuz, 2011), Underground (Demizkubuz, 2012), and Big World (Erdem, 2016) are explored using sociological film analysis. Unlike mainstream cinema, the protagonists in these directors’ films do not demonstrate hegemonic masculinity; the supporting male characters that do demonstrate hegemonic masculinity category are not white Turks. Arguably, the male characters embody a new hybrid hegemonic masculinity that combines various masculinities to reproduce patriarchy. It can be stated that “Others” in these films are negatively affected.
References
Adak, H., & Akser, M. (2023). On land, memory, and masculinity: Unearthing silences around myths of Gallipoli in Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s Ahlat Ağacı (The Wild Pear Tree). New Perspectives on Turkey, 69, 74-91. doi:10.1017/npt.2023.9
Akser, M. (2013). Auteur and Style in National Cinema: A Reframing of Metin Erksan's Time to Love. CINEJ Cinema Journal. Volume 3.1: 162-180.
Akser, M., and Didem Durak-Akser. (2017). Fight for a National Cinema: An Introductory Text and Translation (Halit Refiğ, 1971). Film Studies 16 (1): 56-77.
Alsop, R., Fitzsimons, A. and Lennon, K. (2002). Theorizing Gender. Cambridge: Polity.
Barbarosoğlu, F. (1995). Moda ve Zihniyet. İstanbul: İz Yayınları.
Barutçu, A. (2013). Türkiye’de erkeklik inşasının bedensel ve toplumsal aşamaları. Master Thesis. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Birer, B. A. (2019). Kimlik-Mücadele İlişkisi: Feminist Kadınların Anlatılarında Ev İçi Emeğin Bölüşümü. Kültür ve İletişim (44).
Bourdieu, P. (2014). Masculine Domination. Stanford Univerity Press.
Bozok, M. (2011). Soru ve cevaplarla erkeklikler. Sosyal Kalkınma ve Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları.
Brittan, A. (1989). Masculinity and Power. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell
Carrigan, T., Connell, B., Lee, J., (2005), Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. in Feminism and Masculinities. Ed: Peter F. Murphy, Oxford Readings in Feminism, pp. 151-164.
Cohan, S., & Hark. I. R., (1993). Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. New York: Routledge.
Coles, T. (2008). Finding space in the field of masculinity: Lived experiences of men’s masculinities. Journal of Sociology. (44): 233-248.
Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities. University of California Press, Second Edition.
Connell, R., & Messerschmidt, J. (2005). “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, Gender & Society, no: 19: 829-859
Connell, R. (1991). “Live Fast and Die Young: The Construction of Masculanity among Young Working-calss Men on the Margin of the Labour Market”, Austrilian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, no: 27:2: 141- 171.
Demetriou, D. Z. (2001). Connell’s Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity: A Critique. Theory and Society. 30(3):337-361.
Demren, Ç. (2003). “Erkeklik, Ataerkillik ve İktidar İlişkileri” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi. Access Date: 18.10.2018. http://www.huksam.hacettepe.edu.tr/Turkce/SayfaDosya/erkeklik_ataerklik.pdf
Dijk, V. T. (1993). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. S:4. London: Discourse and Society
Direk, Z. (2018). Cinsel Farkın İnşası, İstanbul: Metis.
Donaldson, M. (1993). What is hegemonic masculinity? Theory and Society (22): 643-657.
Dowd, N. (2010), Asking the Man Question: Masculinities Analysis and Feminist Theory, Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 33: 415-430.
Ecevi, Y. Elçik, G. (2013). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Çalışmaları, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi
Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları.
Edward, A. (2015). It’s a Man’s World: The Effect of Traditional Masculinity on Gender Equality, https://www.e-ir.info/2015/03/29/its-a-mans-world-the-effect-of-traditional-masculinity-on-gender-equality/ , Accessed Date: 12th May, 2021.
Edwards, T. (1990), Beyond Sex and Gender: Masculinity, Homosexuality and Social Theory. (in) Men, Masculinities and Social Theory. (Ed. Jeff Hearn & David Morgan. Unwin Hyman), pp: 110-123.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London:Routledge.
Faulstich, W. (1989). Film Aesthetics and New Methods of Film Analysis. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 7 (2): 175 – 190.
Flicker, E. (2003). Between brains and breasts—women scientists in fiction film: on the marginalization and sexualization of scientific competence, Public Understanding of Science, 12: 307.
Foucault, M. (2020). History of Sexuality. Penguin Classics.
Foucault, M. (1987). Söylemin Düzeni. T. Ilgaz (çev.). İstanbul: Hil Yayınları.
Gabbard, K. & William, L. (2008). Screening Genders. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Gürkan, H. & Ergene, İ. (2022). The Free Individual in a Tale of Democracy: Hegemony and Dystopia in Visual Narratives. KOME − An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.75672.90. Published Online: 8th August 2022.
Gürkan, H. & Ö. Ege. (2021). Gendering Turkish Action Films in the Post-2010 Period: “Hey boy, protect me and don’t cry!”. Studies in European Cinema. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2021.1903296. Published Online: 19th March 2021.
Gürkan, H. & A. Serttaş. (2017). The Representation of Masculinity in Cinema and on Television: An Analysis of Fictional Male Characters. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2 (5).
Gürkan, H. (2015). Cinema as an Alternative Media: Offside ny Jafar Panahi. Global Media Journal (American Edition). 13 (24).
İlkkaracan, P. (2015). Müslüman Toplumlarda Kadın ve Cinsellik. Ed. Pınar İlkkaracan, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
İri, M. (2016). Türk Sinemasında Erkeklik Performansları. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
Kepekçi, E. (2012). (Hegemonik) Erkeklik Eleştirisi ve Feminizm Birlikteliği Mümkün Mü? Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi (11), 59-86.
Kimmel, M. S. (2004). The Gendered Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kirkham, P., & Thumim, J. (1993). You Tarzan: Masculinity, Movies and Men. New York: St. Martin’s.
Kirkham, P., & Thumim, J. (1995). Me Jane: Masculinity, Movies and Women. New York: St. Martin’s.
Köse, E. (2014). Sessizliği Söylemek Dindar Kadın Edebiyatı Cinsiyet ve Beden. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Leach, M. (1994). The Politics of Masculinity: An Overview of Contemporary Theory. Social Alternatives. 12(4): 36-38.
Lehman, P. (2001). Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, Culture. New York: Routledge.
Mulvey, L. (2009). (1975 the first published) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, in Film Theory and Criticism, (ed.) Leo Braudy and Marshall Cohen, New York: Oxford University Press
Mutluer, N. (2008). Cinsiyet Halleri, İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
Penley, C., & Sharon, W. (1993). Male Trouble. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Powrie, P., & Davies, A., & Babington, B. (2004). The Trouble with Men: Masculinities in European and Hollywood Cinema. London: Wallflower.
Sabancı, T. (2018). Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma Erkeklik Ve Kimlik Çatışması, Türkiye’de Müslüman Erkeğin Değişimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi , 2 (2) , 50-63 .
Sancar, S. (2009). Erkeklik: İmkansız iktidar: Ailede, piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. İstanbul: Metis.
Selek, P. (2013). Sürüne Sürüne Erkek Olmak. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Sharrett, C. (1999). Mythologies of Violence in Postmodern Media. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Oktan, A. (2008). “Türk Sinemasında Hegemonik Erkeklikten Erkeklik Krizine: YazıTura ve Erkeklik Bunalımının Sınırları.” Selçuk İletişim 5,2.
Özbay, C. (2013). Türkiye’de Hegemonik Erkekliği Aramak. Doğu Batı 63: 185-204.
Özgür, Ö. (2018). Türk Sinemasında Baba Temsili. Konya: Palet Yayınları
Öztürk, Y. M. (2012). Ataerkil Kapitalist Toplumda Kadının Bedeni, Toplum ve Hekim, 4(27), 273-282.
Sabancı, T. (2018). Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma Erkeklik ve Kimlik Çatışması: Türkiye’de Müslüman Erkeğin Değişimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi. 2 (2): 50-63.
Sökmen, S. (2005). Bu Kabuslar Neden Cemil? İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Wetherell, M., & Edley, N. (1999). Negotiating Hegemonic Masculinity: Imaginary Positions and Psycho-Discursive Practices. Feminism & Psychology, 9(3), 335–356.
Wilkins, A. C. (2009). Masculinity Dilemmas: Sexuality and Intimacy Talk among Christians and Goths. Signs, 34(2): 343-368
Wollen, P. (1972). Signs and Meaning in the Cinema. Indiana University Press.
Yücel, V. (2014). Kahramanın Yolculuğu. Istanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Hasan Gürkan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.